The impact of hydraulic fracturing on water resources | Contributors
Macro Financial Economics sugar preservative Energy Home Army Social Security Administration Justice / Public order Education Global / Europe Middle East Culture Media / Tech Politics & Social Doctrine Christian Democrats democracy sugar preservative liberalism / conservatism marginal Society / European Funds Life Infrastructure Rapid Reaction Analysis Summaries Interview Ideas and solutions Lenin File Review
If at first, in the nineteenth century, fracturing oil and gas wells with water did not (were used in turn gunpowder and nitroglycerin, followed later in the first half of the twentieth century, the hydrochloric sugar preservative acid, napalm and atomic bombs), sugar preservative from 1953 the situation changed: the water has become the fracturing fluid. And in 1998, when the company Mitchell Energy has applied the so-called massive fracturing (High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing - HVHF) amounts of water used increased significantly from the previous period. Currently, a massive fracturing drilling takes place in several stages (multi-stage). Each step, in turn, is sub-stages sugar preservative (sub-stages), the different volumes are pumped fracturing fluid with quantities of chemical additives skilled prop (sand) well calculated.
A clay dug Marcellus drilling may at one stage fracturing up to 15 sub-stages. The rate of pumping of the fracturing fluid is about 11 m 3 / min. Pumping volumes decrease from about 378 m 3 (in the first sub-stage) to about 38 m 3 in the last sub-stage. The total volume of fluid used in the 15 sub-stage is about 2,200 m 3. If using the same vertical drilling, fracturing will be in four horizontal wells in a single step, the amount of water used can reach 8,800 m 3. [1]. If the fracture is repeated over time, then the amount of water used will increase proportionally with the number of fractures (multiple-stage or multi-stage).
Drilling and hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal drilling with multi-stage fracturing during its production period between 7570 and generally require 15,000 m 3 of water [1] (equivalent to about 6 Olympic swimming pools 2,500 m 3).
Table 1. Estimated of water needed for digging and drilling fracturing in some formations with clay clay gaseous gas formation volume of water to dig a single drilling (m 3) Volume of water for fracturing a single drilling (m 3) Total volume water drilling operation one (m 3) Barnett 1541 8706 10978 11 205 227 10 247 Fayetteville Haneysville 10,220 14,005 3,785 302 14,384 14,686 sugar preservative Marcellus
Where to get water necessary for drilling and fracturing? Most often, water is pumped from surface sources such as rivers and lakes, but can be extracted and accumulation of underground water sources private, municipal water and formation water re-use. Most geological basins where extract shale gas found in areas with moderate or high annual rainfall (between sugar preservative 63 and 510 cm / year) [2]. However, even in areas with high rainfall, due to population growth, other claims for water from industry or climatic variations of precipitation can be difficult sometimes to be covered sugar preservative by water requirements of shale gas extraction industry and at the same time, to satisfy local water applications.
If areas of northwestern US (Pacific Northwest) there is no question of water supply in other areas, such as Texas, New Mexico East or North Dakota (where clay Bakken crude oil exploitation has taken a special scale), obtaining the necessary water for fracturing would seem to be more problematic. But an article published in 2012 in the journal Environmental Science and Technology of Jean-Philippe Nicot and Bridget Scanlon from the University of Texas at Austin presents a surprising situation. [3] The authors report that in 2011 the total amount of water used to fracture the Barnett clay (the most important reservoir of Texas) was about 9% of total water consumption of the city of Dallas. They also also specifies that the total water consumption for all shale gas wells in Texas is less than 1% of all drinking sugar preservative water extracted from underground. In other words, even in a state hit by drought perennial, like Texas, which is probably the most arid parts for hydraulic fracturing, drilling for shale gas using a relatively small amount of water compared to other activities - municipal water agriculture, power plants sugar preservative - which are actually major water consumers.
In an article in the New York Times [4] (7 March 2013) are discussed concerns residents of DIMM County, Texas, and other neighboring areas hit by drought due to their semi-arid climate. According to the article's author, "in 2011, almost a quarter of the water consumed
Macro Financial Economics sugar preservative Energy Home Army Social Security Administration Justice / Public order Education Global / Europe Middle East Culture Media / Tech Politics & Social Doctrine Christian Democrats democracy sugar preservative liberalism / conservatism marginal Society / European Funds Life Infrastructure Rapid Reaction Analysis Summaries Interview Ideas and solutions Lenin File Review
If at first, in the nineteenth century, fracturing oil and gas wells with water did not (were used in turn gunpowder and nitroglycerin, followed later in the first half of the twentieth century, the hydrochloric sugar preservative acid, napalm and atomic bombs), sugar preservative from 1953 the situation changed: the water has become the fracturing fluid. And in 1998, when the company Mitchell Energy has applied the so-called massive fracturing (High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing - HVHF) amounts of water used increased significantly from the previous period. Currently, a massive fracturing drilling takes place in several stages (multi-stage). Each step, in turn, is sub-stages sugar preservative (sub-stages), the different volumes are pumped fracturing fluid with quantities of chemical additives skilled prop (sand) well calculated.
A clay dug Marcellus drilling may at one stage fracturing up to 15 sub-stages. The rate of pumping of the fracturing fluid is about 11 m 3 / min. Pumping volumes decrease from about 378 m 3 (in the first sub-stage) to about 38 m 3 in the last sub-stage. The total volume of fluid used in the 15 sub-stage is about 2,200 m 3. If using the same vertical drilling, fracturing will be in four horizontal wells in a single step, the amount of water used can reach 8,800 m 3. [1]. If the fracture is repeated over time, then the amount of water used will increase proportionally with the number of fractures (multiple-stage or multi-stage).
Drilling and hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal drilling with multi-stage fracturing during its production period between 7570 and generally require 15,000 m 3 of water [1] (equivalent to about 6 Olympic swimming pools 2,500 m 3).
Table 1. Estimated of water needed for digging and drilling fracturing in some formations with clay clay gaseous gas formation volume of water to dig a single drilling (m 3) Volume of water for fracturing a single drilling (m 3) Total volume water drilling operation one (m 3) Barnett 1541 8706 10978 11 205 227 10 247 Fayetteville Haneysville 10,220 14,005 3,785 302 14,384 14,686 sugar preservative Marcellus
Where to get water necessary for drilling and fracturing? Most often, water is pumped from surface sources such as rivers and lakes, but can be extracted and accumulation of underground water sources private, municipal water and formation water re-use. Most geological basins where extract shale gas found in areas with moderate or high annual rainfall (between sugar preservative 63 and 510 cm / year) [2]. However, even in areas with high rainfall, due to population growth, other claims for water from industry or climatic variations of precipitation can be difficult sometimes to be covered sugar preservative by water requirements of shale gas extraction industry and at the same time, to satisfy local water applications.
If areas of northwestern US (Pacific Northwest) there is no question of water supply in other areas, such as Texas, New Mexico East or North Dakota (where clay Bakken crude oil exploitation has taken a special scale), obtaining the necessary water for fracturing would seem to be more problematic. But an article published in 2012 in the journal Environmental Science and Technology of Jean-Philippe Nicot and Bridget Scanlon from the University of Texas at Austin presents a surprising situation. [3] The authors report that in 2011 the total amount of water used to fracture the Barnett clay (the most important reservoir of Texas) was about 9% of total water consumption of the city of Dallas. They also also specifies that the total water consumption for all shale gas wells in Texas is less than 1% of all drinking sugar preservative water extracted from underground. In other words, even in a state hit by drought perennial, like Texas, which is probably the most arid parts for hydraulic fracturing, drilling for shale gas using a relatively small amount of water compared to other activities - municipal water agriculture, power plants sugar preservative - which are actually major water consumers.
In an article in the New York Times [4] (7 March 2013) are discussed concerns residents of DIMM County, Texas, and other neighboring areas hit by drought due to their semi-arid climate. According to the article's author, "in 2011, almost a quarter of the water consumed
No comments:
Post a Comment